Sticky rice evolves

A study by two North Carolina State University geneticists is tracing the origin and evolution of a genetic mutation that long ago led to the creation of a type of rice known as glutinous, or "sticky," rice.

The molecular genetic research has led researchers to believe that glutinous rice - which differs from non-glutinous, or common, rice on account of a mutation in its Waxy​ gene that suppresses the formation of a starch called amylose - most likely originated in Southeast Asia.

According to the researchers further DNA evidence - namely the lower-than-expected genetic variability in the Waxy gene - suggests that early domesticators of glutinous rice liked its adhesive quality and wanted to preserve that particular trait.

Dr Michael Purugganan, associate professor of genetics, and Dr Kenneth Olsen, post-doctoral research associate in genetics, published their findings in the 23 October edition of Genetics.​

The scientists studied 105 glutinous and non-glutinous samples of rice donated from the multitudinous stock kept by the International Rice Research Institute in Los Banos, Philippines.

Rice contains two starches: amylose and amylopectin. Glutinous rice lacks amylose, in fact, it is the lack of amylose that gives it its sticky composition. Non-glutinous rice - for instance a name-brand package of rice from the supermarket - contains up to 30 per cent amylose and allows the grains to separate during cooking.

Glutinous rice is the staple food in some areas in southeast Asia, including parts of Laos, Thailand and Cambodia and has also migrated north to become an important part of the diet in places like China and Japan. Used primarily in a number of desserts - rice cakes, for example - sticky rice has achieved important cultural standing in east and southeast Asia.

Leading researcher Purugganan commented that Asian folklore diverges on the origin of glutinous rice. He found both a Laotian Buddhist legend charting the existence of glutinous rice to about 1,100 years ago and Chinese folklore that indicated the existence of glutinous rice more than 2,000 years ago.

"Since no one really knows where glutinous rice came from, we wanted to find its origin using molecular means,"​ he added. "We also wanted to find out the number of times the mutation in the​ Waxy gene that suppresses amylose, which produces glutinous rice, arose during rice domestication. And, we wanted to see if the Waxy​gene showed evidence of selection by early Asian farmers."

Performing genetic sequencing of these samples at NC State's Genome Research Laboratory, Purugganan and Olsen assembled a "gene tree," or network that represents patterns of genetic differences among the DNA sequences, explained Olsen.

Using the gene tree, the researchers found that sticky rice's genetic mutation maps to a single mutation on the gene tree, suggesting that the mutation occurred a single time rather than more than once, said Olsen.

Looking at the geographic locations of the rice DNA sequences that are direct ancestors of the mutation, the researchers found relatively strong evidence that southeast Asia was the geographic origin of sticky rice. "This type of research really opens up the window of not only how crops originate, but also how specific features evolve,"​said Purugganan. "This is one of the first times that anyone has looked within a crop species at the evolutionary and geographical origins of important domestication traits in crops,"​ added Olsen.

Purugganan and Olsen are planning to study other genes involved in starch synthesis in rice.

Full findings of "Molecular Evidence on the Origin and Evolution of Glutinous Rice"​ are published in the 23 October edition of Genetics​.