Gene breakthrough could revolutionise rice crop
submergence could help overcome one of agriculture's oldest
challenges.
Indeed, the team of researchers at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines and at the University of California's Davis and Riverside campuses believe that the breakthrough could bring relief to millions of rice farmers around the world.
Although rice thrives in standing water, like all crops it will die if completely submerged for more than a few days. The development and cultivation of the new varieties are expected to increase food security for 70 million of the world's poorest people, and may reduce yield losses from weeds in areas such as the United States, where rice is seeded in flooded fields.
Results of this study appeared in the 10 August issue of the journal Nature.
"Globally, rice is the most important food for humans, and each year millions of small farmers in the poorest areas of the world lose their entire crops to flooding," said Pamela Ronald, a rice geneticist and chair of UC Davis's Plant Genomics Programme.
"Our research team anticipates that these newly developed rice varieties will help ensure a more dependable food supply for poor farmers and their families. And, in the long run, our findings may allow rice producers in the United States to reduce the amount of herbicides used to fight weeds."
Rice is the primary food for more than three billion people around the world. Approximately one-fourth of the global rice crop is grown in rain-fed lowland plots that are prone to seasonal flooding.
These seasonal flash floods are extremely unpredictable and may occur at any growth stage of the rice crop.
Although rice is the only cereal crop that can withstand submergence at all, most rice varieties will die if fully submerged for too long. When the plant is covered with water, its oxygen and carbon dioxide supplies are reduced, which interferes with photosynthesis and respiration.
Because the submerged plants lack the air and sunlight they need to function, growth is inhibited, and the plants will die if they remain under water for more than four days.
During any given year, yield losses resulting from flooding in these lowland areas may range from 10 per cent to total destruction, depending on the water depth, age of the plant, how long the plants are submerged, water temperature, rate of nitrogen fertilizer use, and other environmental factors.
Annual crop loss has been estimated at more than $1 billion.
"For half a century, researchers have been trying to introduce submergence tolerance into the commonly grown rice varieties through conventional breeding," said rice geneticist and study co-author David Mackill, who heads the division of plant breeding, genetics, and biotechnology at the International Rice Research Institute.
"We're confident that even more important discoveries like this are in the pipeline."
Funding for the research was provided by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ); the US Department of Agriculture's Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service National Research Initiative; and the US Agency for International Development.
The German funding was particularly important as it supported efforts to transfer the submergence characteristic to existing, popular rice varieties, maximizing the impact of the breakthrough.
